Stichting Bakens Verzet (NGO
“Another Way”)
1018 AM
Reg.nr.
34235506 Chamber of Commerce/KvK
BTW/VAT nr.
NL8150.17.972 B01
Bank: Triodos Bank
: IBAN NL90 TRIO 078.13.27.598
Direction
T.E.(Terry) Manning
Schoener 50, 1771 ED Wieringerwerf, The
Tel 0031-227-604128;
E-mail: (nameatendofline)@xs4all.nl; Homepage: http://www.flowman.nl : bakensverzet
"Money
is not the key that opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars
them."
Gesell,
Silvio, The Natural Economic Order, revised English edition, Peter Owen,
Edition 01: 23
June, 2003
Anhydrite use of, Banks role
of in development, Gypsum composites
products, Bio-mass for cooking, Briquettes bio-mass, Capacitation
workshops, Chain control integral, Clodomir Santos de Morais, CO2 emissions
reduction of, Communication flows in development projects, Compost recycling,
Composting toilets, Cookers high efficiency, Cooperation role in development,
Development projects structures for, Development sustainable, Drinking water
supply, Economy developing countries, Economy development projects, Economy
foreign aid, Economy industrial development, Economy interest-free development,
Economy Local Exchange Trading (LETS) systems, Economy nominal local currencies
development of, Economy micro credits, Economy self-financed development,
Economy taxation and development, Education hygiene, Gender role of women,
Gypsum cheap, Hand pumps, Health Clubs development projects, Hygiene education,
India integrated development, Industrial development, Information flow in
development projects, Integral chain control, Integrated development projects,
Interest role of, LETS systems, Loans interest-free, Local currency systems,
Local Exchange Trading (LETS) systems, Micro-credit systems, Morais Clodomir
Santos de, Organizational workshops (OW), sanarpatty India development,
Photovoltaic (PV) home systems, Photovoltaic (PV)lighting, Photovoltaic (PV)
pumps, Photovoltaic (PV) refrigeration, Poverty alleviation, Products
regeneration of, Pumps solar, Pumps hand, Rainwater harvesting, Recycling
compost, Recycling shops, Recycling waste, Regeneration of products, Rural
water supply, Sanitation developing countries, Sanitation dry, Self-financing
development projets, solar pumps submersible, Stoves high efficiency,
Sustainable development, Tamil Nadu Sanarpatty development, Tanks Gypsum
composites local manufacture, Toilet
facilities Gypsum composites , Toilets dry, Urine disposal, Washing places,
Waste collection systems, Water purification UV, Water supply projects, Water
supply rural, Water tanks Gypsum composites , Women role of in development,
Workshops Moraisian
Terry Manning is a developer
of technologies and self-financing integrated development concepts for the
world's poor.
He
also supports the promotion of the "Gypsum composites " technology
developed by the Dutch technology developer Eos Consult. Gypsum composites technology enables many items important to
local development projects to be made in low cost labour-intensive local
production units with 100% local value added.
He
supports hygiene training programmes based on the formation of Community Health
Clubs. These have been successfully developed and introduced by the NGO
Zimbabwe A.H.E.A.D. Hygiene education will also be made available to schools.
He
supports the use of mass capacitation techniques, as introduced by the
Brazilian Clodomir Santos de Morais, through which the users themselves
organise, execute, run, maintain, pay for and own the structures set up under
the project.
The
project New Horizons for Sanarpatty will be financed using a 10 year
interest-free development loan for Euro 3.500.000, local currency or LETS
(Local Exchange Trading) systems and a cooperative interest-free Micro-credit
system modelled on the successful Grameen banks in Bangladesh.
The
financial proposals allow funds in both the local LETS currencies and the
formal, or ordinary, currency to be re-circulated - interest free- as many
times as possible within the participating communities. Financial leakage from
the project area is discouraged.
Messrs Kaliyammal and Jothi
are local development experts from the project area. They have experience in
local development in the Dindigul District in
As
nominees of the District Bhoodhan Gramadhan Development Sangh (DBGDS), they
both wish to cooperate with Terry Manning to promote integrated self-financing
development concepts in the Sanarpatty block of the Dindigul district in the
State of
A
local cooperative bank (the Sanarpatty Cooperative Development Bank) dedicated
to development in the project area will be set up to support the project by
pioneering the introduction of interest-free cooperative micro-credits for
productivity development in the Sanarpatty Block area.
The
project is founded on the idea that most people in the Sanarpatty project area
are able and willing to pay for their own hygiene education, water supply,
sanitation, rubbish disposal and bio-mass production structures provided they
have the seed money necessary to get started. The seed money will be interest-free.
There
is ample potential to develop the production of goods and services at community
level in the project area where development is presently restricted by a
chronic lack of formal money. Leakage of financial resources away from the
project area makes the problem worse because it artificially limits the
people's basic right to produce and exchange goods and services. The project
blocks this financial leakage.
Curriculum of Messrs Kaliyammal and Jothi
Dstrict
Boodham Gramadhan Development Sangh (DBGDS) is a non governmental, non profit
making community based organization based in Dindigul district in
DBGDS registration certificate
SCHEDULE 11 Constitution and Statutes of NGO
District Boodham Gramadhan Develpment Sangh.
The
organization has (description)
This
proposal is essentially self-financing, subject to certain aspects involving
interest payments, exchange rate variations and insurance set out in detail in
the project document.
|
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (Items
1-30 of the budget) |
|
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (Items
31-58 of the budget) |
|
Abbreviation |
Description |
|
CASO4 |
Calcium sulphate |
|
DBGDS |
District Boodham Gramadhan
Development Sangh |
|
DIAM |
Diameter |
|
DIAM EXT |
External diameter |
|
DIAM INT |
Internal diameter |
|
EG |
For example |
|
H2O |
Water |
|
LETS |
Local exchange trading
system |
|
NGO |
Non governmental
organisation |
|
PV |
Photovoltaic |
|
SHS |
Solar home systems |
|
TV |
Television |
|
UV |
Ultra-violet |
|
V |
Volt |
|
Wp |
|
|
Page |
Contents |
|
|
|
|
|
General cover |
|
|
Draft letter to Minister |
|
|
Cover page to executive
summary |
|
|
Executive summary |
|
001 |
Cover page project document |
|
|
List of key words |
|
002 |
Introduction |
|
003 |
Drawings and graphs part of
the project documents |
|
004 |
Contents |
|
|
|
|
007 |
1. Project background |
|
014 |
2. The project |
|
015 |
2.01 Immediate goals |
|
016 |
2.02 Long term goals |
|
|
2.03 General economic bases
of the project |
|
018 |
2.04 Principles behind the
project |
|
|
2.05 The five conditions
precedent for a project applications |
|
019 |
2.06 Institutional
structures |
|
026 |
2.07 The question of
ownership |
|
027 |
2.08 Assurances as to
performance |
|
|
2.09 Taxation under the
local exchange trading (LETS) systems |
|
028 |
2.10 The effects of
inflation on seed loan payments and gift content |
|
029 |
2.11 Insurance and gift
content |
|
030 |
2.12 Information flow |
|
031 |
2.13 Recycling of funds and
imported goods |
|
|
2.14 Project auditing |
|
|
|
|
032 |
3. Planned works and results |
|
|
3.1 Hygiene education
structures |
|
033 |
3.2 Sanitation facilities |
|
034 |
3.3 Local Gypsum
composites production units |
|
035 |
3.4 Water supply structures |
|
036 |
3.5 Institutional
developments |
|
038 |
3.6 PV lighting television
and refrigeration |
|
|
3.7 Domestic solar home
systems |
|
039 |
3.8 Payments and on-going
costs |
|
|
|
|
040 |
4. Work plan |
|
|
4.1 First, initial research
phase |
|
041 |
4.2 Second phase |
|
|
4.2.0 Payment of the project
funds |
|
042 |
4.2.1 Health Clubs and
Hygiene Education in schools |
|
044 |
4.2.2 Local social
structures |
|
045 |
4.2.3 LETS local money
system |
|
046 |
4.2.4 Micro-credit system
structures |
|
048 |
4.2.5 Gypsum composites
production units |
|
049 |
4.2.6 Recycling structures |
|
051 |
4.2.7 Structures for the
production of bio-mass for stoves |
|
052 |
4.2.8 Structures for radio
station |
|
053 |
4.2.9 Structures for
drinking water distribution |
|
055 |
4.3 Third, implementation
phase |
|
056 |
4.4 Fourth, second
implementation phase |
|
|
|
|
056 |
5. Short indicative budget |
|
058 |
Outgo (capital) |
|
|
On-going costs and income |
|
059 |
Comments |
|
|
Recycling of funds for
micro-loans |
|
|
|
|
060 |
SCHEDULE 1 - The project in
detail |
|
|
|
|
|
01. Justification of the
project |
|
062 |
02.0 Cooperation of the
local people |
|
063 |
02.1 Health clubs and
hygiene education |
|
064 |
02.2 Social structures |
|
|
02.3 Local money LETS
structures |
|
067 |
02.4 Micro-credit structures |
|
068 |
02.5 Gypsum composites production units |
|
069 |
02.6 Recycling structures |
|
072 |
02.7 Energy efficient stoves
and bio-mass production |
|
073 |
02.8 Drinking water supply |
|
|
02.8.1 Siting of boreholes
and wells |
|
|
02.8.2. Basic project
specifications |
|
115 |
02.8.3. Summary of water
supply |
|
118 |
02.8.4. Principles for siting
water supply structures |
|
119 |
02.8.5. Well linings |
|
|
02.8.6. Equipment of water
points near the users' houses |
|
|
02.8.7 Budget items relating
to the water supply systems |
|
125 |
02.9. PV lighting,
television and refrigeration |
|
127 |
02.10. Reforestation and water
harvesting |
|
128 |
02.11. The project and
educational structures |
|
129 |
List of supporting schedules |
|
|
Schedule 01 : The project in
detail |
|
|
Schedule 02 : Information on
Clodomir Santos de Morais and the Organisational Workshops |
|
: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
SCHEDULE
03 Project maps |
|
|
SCHEDULE
04 Technical information on solar pumps |
|
|
SCHEDULE
05 Technical information on hand-pumps |
|
|
SCHEDULE
06 Technical information on the Gypsum composites process |
|
|
SCHEDULE
07 The hygiene education programme |
|
|
SCHEDULE
08 Operation of the local currency (LETS) systems |
|
|
SCHEDULE 09 25 progressive steps for local
development |
|
|
SCHEDULE 10 MATERIAL FOR PRESENTATIONS USING
TRANSPARENTS OR POWERPOINT |
|
|
SCHEDULE
11 Constitution and Statutes of NGO District Boodhan Gramadhan
Development Sangh |
|
|
The
Role of Micro-credit in integrated self-financing development projects |
|
|
Water
supply issues in self-financing integrated development projects for
poverty alleviation |
|
|
|
|
|
PV, a
cornerstone of self-financing development projects for poverty
alleviation in developing countries |
|
|
New
horizons for RE technologies in poverty alleviation projects |
|
130 |
Acknowledgements |
|
|
|
Basic hygiene education,
sanitation, waste recycling, and clean drinking water are fundamental to
healthy life. A third of the world's population still lacks access to clean
drinking water. An even larger number lack reasonable sanitation.
Supplying
such basic life needs warrants top priority within the framework of foreign aid
programmes for the benefit of the poor in developing countries, including
Development
of local production and services is hindered by a chronic lack of formal money.
The little formal money there is leaks from the local economy to national, or
more often, international, havens.
The
project will permanently improve the quality of life and stimulate on-going
local economic development of the people in the Sanarpatty project area. It
will establish local exchange trading (LETS) systems for the exchange of local
goods and services and provide interest-free seed money to fund micro-credit
loans. It includes hygiene education, sanitation, clean drinking water in support
of existing structures, lighting for study, efficient cooking equipment and
means of producing bio-mass to fuel the stoves as well as a system for
recycling non-organic solid waste. Services may be extended in a later phase to
rainwater harvesting and Solar Home Systems. A project radio station will be
set up. The project will also encourage local contribution to improved primary
and junior secondary education structures.
The
proposed hygiene training, sanitation, and drinking water systems take the
social structures of the traditional communities into account. All structures
are self-financing and remain financially viable and sustainable without the
need for further seed money once the initial interest free seed loan has been
repaid. Particular attention has been paid to ensuring that this project,
promoted by a group operating in the interest of Dalit women, has acceptance by
the entire population for the purposes of execution of the project. About 50%
of the population in the project area is Dalit. The Kambliyampatty and
V.S.Kottar are almost entirely Dalit. Chenkuruchi, Siluvathur, Madur and
Rasakkapatti are mixed caste communities.
Dindigul district is situated
in the centre of Tamil Nadu state.
Map showing location of the Dindigul district
It is
well linked by roads with all of the major cities of Tamil Nadu state. The
district is separated from the Madurai District. Most of the villages in the
district are drought prone. The economic level of the people is low.
The Sanarpatty Block is one of
the administrative divisions of the Dindigul district. It comprises six
sub-locations called panchayats. Of the six panchayats Kambiliampatti and
V.S.Kottai are almost entirely Dalit. The other four, Chenkuruchi, Siluvathur,
Maud, and Rasakkapatti, are mixed-caste. They include people from castes such
as the Udiyars, Gounder, Reddiars, Muthiriars, Chettiyars, Vanniars, and
Vellalas.
The
Sanarpatty project area covers about 450 km2, being about
The
people speak Tamil and English. Both languages are taught at the schools.
Most
of the people are Hindu, and there are some 100 Hindu temples in the area.
There are some Christians, with churches in the Siluvathur and Madur
panchayats, often associated with schools. There is also a small Muslim
community, with a mosque in Rasakapatti.
The
literacy level in the area varies according to caste, but because of the Dalit
population it is low. Litreacy amongst Dalit women, in particular, is not more
than 20%. There are just 19 primary schools, 2 intermediate schools, and 4 high
schools in the project area. In all the sub-locations in the Sanarpatty area
there is a severe shortage of schools open to the Dalit population. The
elementary schools (present in about 40 villages) cover education up to the 5th
standard. For further education, children have to cover large distances to
reach schools.
Students
from wealthier families seek admission in schools outside the project area with
better facilities.
There
is a severe lack of facilities in primary schools, and for evening classes and
vocational training centres, to cater for the real and growing educational
needs of the population.
Maps
of the area are available in SCHEDULE 03 -
Project maps.
The local authorities are the
local councils or panchayats of which there are six in the project area,
Chenkuruchi, Kambiliampatty, Siluvathur, Madur, V.S.Kotai, and Rasakapatty. In
each village there is a separate "traditional" panchayat set up of
for the Dalits. These serve mostly for settling disputes and organising village
celebrations. They do not have a significant impact on the lives of the people
.
Dspite
the fact the Dalits are by far the largest community, they do not participate
widely in the village and panchayat councils, except for the ones reserved for
Dalits. The independence of Dalit the few members on these councils is
questionable. This reflects village reality where economic power and caste
hierarchy tend to dominate in the councils which are mostly run by higher caste
males (mirasdars). Dalit women are not represented at all.
Less
than 1% of Dalit women have any property in their own names. 14.5% of Dalit me
are landless labourers. More than 80% own less than one hectare of land.
Segregation
of Dalits is practised in all of the mixed-caste villages. Discrimination
includes prohibitions on:
-drawing water from wells or boreholes located in non-Dalit areas.
-washing and bathing on the embankments of canals
-making Dalit funeral processions along high-caste streets
-making Dalit festivals in high-caste streets
-participation in the common village meetings
-sitting in tea-rooms and drinking coffee or tea from the same cups and glasses
There
is strong discrimination against Dalit women even amongst the Dalit community
itself. The Dalit structures are dominated by the urban middle-class male
elite.
To
by-pass these traditional social and economic problems, this project sets up
its own administrative structures which operate in cooperation with but independently
of the political structures. Dalits and in particular Dalit women play a major
role in the designing, execution, running, maintenance, ownership of and
payment for the structures set up.
The
health clubs form a platform for women, especially Dalit women in Dalit areas,
so that they can take full part in meetings and vote en bloc and participate
fully in the running of the financial and social structures set up. Compare
this with the limited project originally presented by District Boodhan
Gramadhan Development Sangh (DBGDS):
Original DBGDS plan incorporated in this project
The Sanarpatty area is
extremely poor. This is why it has been selected for the project. A large part
of the labour force, especially the Dalits, is illiterate. There is large scale
migration, especially during the dry season, to nearby towns such as
Women
in general, and Dalit women in particular, are paid very low wages, usually not
more than 15 rupees or 35 Eurocents per day, which is half of what the men
earn. Annual income for labourers is therefore not more than Euro 100-250 per
year. There are no benefits such as leave, bonus, medical
allowances. Dalit women are often sexual targets by employers, managers and
other male workers. Dalit women are not provided with maternity facilities and
there is no compensation paid for accidents arising in the course of their
work.
The
introduction of machinery in agriculture is having a major impact on employment
in the project area, causing unemployment and underemployment in the most
defenceless part of the community, especially amongst Dalit women. This is
particularly true of traditional seed collection, conservation, and
distribution for agricultural purposes, one of the most important sources of
income for these women. Multinational companies force local farmers to buy
patented seed each year, with the disastrous consequences internationally
denounced by the leading Indian milieu activist Vandana Shiva and many others.
This
project allows for traditional seed banks and plant nurseries to be set up to
ensure that native plant strains are preserved and used.
Local
production in the area is mainly based on staple foods such as rice (15%),
wheat (5%) and maize (5%). The people work on an average for ten hours a day in
the fields.
There
is an electricity supply network connection in many of the villages in the
project area. While this facilitates project execution, it is does not mean
that the people all benefit from electricity in their homes. Electricity is
used collectively for street lighting, but many people are unable to pay for
electricity connection costs or for the electricity itself. The electricity
supply is not reliable and power cuts are frequent.
Water is perceived to be a
major problem, notwithstanding the commendable efforts of the Tamil Nadu state
government to make basic provisions for the people.
The
average annual precipitation in the area is
There
is just one river in the area. It flows near the villages of Rasakapatty and
Akkaraipatty. It carries water only during the rainy season, when the water is
in any case polluted.
The
rainy season runs from October to December. It is important for small farmers
to find a way of extending this season by a few weeks to ensure greater
security against loss of crops through drought. A water harvesting section has
been introduced to this project for this purpose.
Current
sources of drinking water are piped water, boreholes, wells and rainwater from
roof harvesting.
The
supply of water is considered inadequate to sustain both the domestic and
industrial needs.
Drinking
water is supplied at government taps. It is distributed according to a
pre-arranged timetable. Water drawn at the taps is not paid for separately.
Electrical motors and pumps are used in many cases to pump water into a large
tank, from which the water flows by gravity to the public taps. A fee of 300
Rupees (about Euro 6) is paid each six months to the panchayat union office.
This means the water costs Euro 1 per family per month. Access to the public
taps can depend on caste, and there are separate facilities for Dalits and for
other castes.
In
the project area there at present 78 boreholes, in 64 villages. There are already
some 260 hand-pumps installed in the area. However, wells tend to go dry during
the dry season. Existing supplies have been taken carefully into account when
designing the water supply part of this project. Special attention has been
paid to making sure that the poorest, the Dalits, have access to clean drinking
water close to their homes.
Water
related diseases in the area include typhoid, dysentery and cold fever.
Some
rain water is harvested during the rainy season, but this is of little help in
solving water supply problems during the dry season.
The
use of hot water is not common.
Notwithstanding
the water services available, some women still have to walk a long way to fetch
water. More than 40 of the villages are without any form of water supply,
especially during the dry season.
For
these reasons this project foresees a complete supplementary solar operated
distributed drinking water system.
The main sources of staple
food are local farm produce, mainly rice, wheat and maize.
Malnutrition
has been increasing in the district. However, diet-related diseases are limited
to fever and colds.
Cases
of malnutrition are highest among the landless Dalit population who, because of
lack of ownership of land, can not diversify their food production and intake.
They therefore consume the available food with total disregard to its
nutritional value.
Cooking is the most energy
intensive activity in the project area.
Cooking
is currently done over an open fire, leading to intense air pollution both
inside the houses and in the community.
Fuels
used for cooking are wood and petroleum products such as kerosene. Of these
wood fuel is the predominant fuel in both rural and urban areas, and accounts
for about 75% of fuel consumption. The remaining 25% of the families use
kerosine, which costs 8 rupees, or 15 Eurocents a litre. The wood is fetched by
women once every one or two weeks. This is a time consuming operation.
Average
cooking time is about 3 hours per day.
Food
is cooked in baked mud pots aluminium pots.
Women
collect bundles of wood for fuel on their own account. Kerosene costs 0.15
Eurocent per litre. Consumption (for cooking and lighting) is two litres per
day, which means that kerosene costs Euro 2 per family per week, or Euro 8 per
family per month. It therefore represents an area where major savings can be
attained by the introduction of high-efficiency stoves and photovoltaic
lighting systems.
Charcoal
is also used ??. This costs ??
All
staple foods are cooked usually by women. Each meal takes at least an hour to
prepare, depending on the available fuel and the type of foodstuffs. Large
parts of meagre family incomes are therefore spent on fuel for cooking. The
unsustainable use of wood leads to de-forestation and erosion, air pollution
and health hazards. Moreover, the traditional cooking methods used are
inefficient. The project therefore introduces highly efficient stoves. They
will be locally manufactured within local currency LETS systems.
Bio-mass
needed to fuel the stoves will also be locally produced and treated, without
limiting the use of the natural fertilisers in local agricultural production.
Locally
manufactured solar cookers will also be introduced where daytime cooking does
not contrast with local customs. An important part of all loan repayments and
expenditure under this project will be funded by introducing energy efficient
stoves and growing bio-mass for fuel.
The
project will bring major savings in the costs of cooking. These savings alone
will cover most if not all of the monthly contributions made by the families to
the project.
Kerosene lamps are mostly used
for lighting for study. One litre of kerosene per day is needed for this.
There
are presently no evening classes in the schools. Where these are requested by
the local population, the schools will be equipped with photovoltaic lighting
systems.
Most of the roads in the area
are open the whole year round.
The
kinds of transport available include buses and bicycles. The maximum distance
covered is 20km, and the cost for a ride is about 20 rupees per head, or 42
Eurocents.
Animals
are also used for transport. Bullock cart races is a "sport" amongst
unemployed youth.
The
project will look at the possibility of setting up local transport systems
under the local money systems set up.
Public communication systems
exist in the project area. There are some 60 public telephone booths and six
post offices. The rates charged are fixed by the government.
Space
will be given under the interest-free micro-credit systems to be set up for
local information shops offering telephone, fax and internet possibilities.
Some tank Sangams may wish to set up a communications system at tank Sangam
level.
Infrastructural
development with improved means of communication is perceived to be very
important in the project area.
About 80% of pregnant Dalit
women suffer from anaemia.
Hygiene
education courses in Tamil and English are available at the schools. School
courses include a basic introduction to personal and environmental hygiene.
Universal basic hygiene aspects are followed by most of the households.
There
are no courses hygiene education courses available for training women and
especially Dalit girls who are unable to go to school.
Apart
from setting up health clubs at tank Sangam (sangam) level, the project can
make an important contribution in the fight against these diseases by providing
clean water sanitation and improved drainage, and by eliminating smoke hazards,
stagnant waters, and ensuring a more varied diet.
Health
care in clinics is inadequate and often a long way away from the users. There
are no facilities at all in the Chenkurchi panchayat, one private clinic in
Kambilliampatti, one public health centre in Siluvathur which has no beds but
handles about 500 patients a day, and no structure at all in Madur. In Kottai
there is one clinic in Kottai itself, and a sub-health centre in Markanpatti.
Rasakapatti has one public health centre.
The people have generally no
private sanitation facilities at all. People dispose of their urine and excreta
on wasteland fields and river beds. If there is water in the river, people
clean themselves using the river water. Separate areas are designated for use
by men and women.
Installation
of appropriate sanitation facilities is therefore one of the major goals of
this project.
There is no organised rubbish
collection or waste recycling structure in the project area.
Rubbish
in the project area which is not disposed of properly poses a health hazard and
allows flies, rats and other pests to breed. It also causes bad smells.
The
project includes setting up local recycling centres to add value to waste
products. It enables recycling of some materials within the local currency
systems. Export of residual waste materials will provide formal currency income
to repay micro-credit loans advanced to the recycling centres.
95% of the Dalit families live
in huts made from mud and hay. The Dalits do not have their own houses. They
have only 2% of space around their houses, so there is no space for them to
have a garden.
Most
of the other houses in the project area measure just
Seasonal
heating is not usually required or considered to be a priority.
The
project will improve the general condition of life of the inhabitants by
improving the air condition in the homes, supplying a complete sanitation and
waste disposal system, eliminating stagnant waters, and improving the
structural aspects of traditional roofing.
The project is centred on
basic hygiene education, on the installation of sustainable sanitation, on the
creation of a supplementary distributed clean drinking water system, PV
lighting for study where required, for the people of the Sanarpatty area in the
Dindigul district in Tamil Nadu state in India, and on the supply of efficient
stoves for cooking, the production of bio-mass to fuel them, and recycling at
local level and disposal of non-organic waste.
The
project includes setting up Community Health Clubs for hygiene education and,
where required, hygiene education courses in schools; provides sustainable
toilet and wastewater facilities, wells and boreholes (wherever necessary),
pumps, and water tanks; establishes local exchange trading (LETS) systems to
promote local exchange of goods and services; and implements an interest-free
revolving micro-credit system to pay in formal currency for items and services
originating outside the local communities.
The
project also refers to PV (photovoltaic) lighting where considered necessary
for study and in clinics, and, where required, PV refrigeration for medicines.
Any PV lighting needed for separate local production initiatives would be
included within their respected micro-credit schemes. PV operated TV sets for
education can be included. Private Solar Home Systems (SHS) may be financed by
the Local Bank where users are able to sustain their obligations under a hire
purchase agreement for the SHS as well as meet their obligations under the
project itself.
High
efficiency stoves for cooking will be produced with 100% local value added as
will the bio-mass necessary to fuel them.
Where
daytime cooking is not in conflict with local customs, local manufacture of
Gypsum composites solar cookers will be
set up under the LETS systems.
Recycling
centres will be set up to recycle non-organic refuse within the local currency
systems.
Harvesting
rain-water to increase agricultural production and the general quality of life
is promoted.
The
project cost is Euro 3,750,000, which can be 100% financed through an interest
free loan with a 10 year repayment time. Of the interest-free loan, 75% is
expected to be made available within the framework of the country programme of
one or more aid partners, and 25% by the government of the State of
A
detailed indicative budget is set out on page 55 ???
The
project will be continued for at least a further 8 years beyond the initial two
years' start-up period. After the initial two years, further development will
be generated by the communities themselves under the supervision of the Project
Coordinator.
The
initial project will take 24 months from the date funding is approved, more
particularly:
- Phase 1 : preparation and submission of the basic project.
- Phase 2 : final project preparation, arrangements with tax authorities,
formation of Health Clubs and starting hygiene education, starting organisation
of Gypsum composites production units, setting up of local currency LETS
groups; final project approval : 6 months
- Phase 3 : continuing hygiene education, building the sanitation services, installing
wells, pumps and tanks, starting cooker production, organising bio-mass
production, setting up the recycling centres : 18 months
- Phase 4 : installing water purification units and PV lighting systems for
study purposes. Continued production of cookers and of bio-mass to fuel them.
Rain-water harvesting.
From
the third year onwards local development will be continued and extended to
phase 5.
-
Phase 5 : Extension to Solar Home Systems, water harvesting, and soil
conservation and reforestation projects.
The immediate goals of the
project are:
a) To
extend existing hygiene education activities by establishing Community Health
Clubs in the Sanarpatty project area and, where necessary, promoting formal
hygiene education courses in schools.
b) To
install technically appropriate sanitation for the people in the Sanarpatty
block.
c) To
provide a permanent safe drinking water supply in the project area in all
foreseeable circumstances.
d) To
make safe drinking water available within a radius of 150-200m from users'
homes.
e) To
contribute to the fight against water-related diseases through hygiene
education, the supply of appropriate sanitation and clean drinking water
systems.
f) To
reduce the work load on women, especially Dalit women
g) To
provide for the continuity of health, sanitation and drinking water systems by
establishing appropriate institutional structures.
h) To
enable students and others who wish to study in the evening to do so.
i) To
reduce the use of wood and promote reforestation.
j) To
introduce efficient bio-mass fuelled means of cooking and solar cookers for
daytime applications.
k) To
create added value through recycling of non-organic waste.
l) To
keep available financial resources (LETS money and formal money) revolving
within the beneficiary communities.
m) To
stimulate on-going local industrial and agricultural development through the
use of local currency (LETS) and micro-credit systems.
n) To
create large-scale job opportunities
The long term goals of the
project are:
a)To
sustain on-going improvement of the general quality of life wellbeing and
health of the local people.
b)To
free more human resources for local production and development.
c)To
reduce water-borne diseases so that medical staff and financial resources can
be re-directed to other health objectives such as vaccination programmes and
preventive medicine.
d)To
decrease infant mortality and promote family planning.
e)To
increase literacy levels.
f)To
eliminate dependency on fuels imported from outside the project area.
g)To
help reduce deforestation and global warming.
h)To
create value added from locally recycled non-organic solid waste.
i)To
create a "maintenance culture" to conserve the investments made.
j)To
increase the local pool of expertise so that local people can improve their
sustainable well-being and development by identifying and solving problems,
including erosion, with a minimum of outside help.
k)To
create full employment in the project area.
l) To
contribute to the gradual integration of Dalits and especially Dalit women in
local society.
a)The project will be financed
by interest-free seed capital in the form of a 'green' loan repayable over a period
of 10 years.
b)75%
of this capital will be contributed within the framework of the "country
programme" of one or more of India's development aid partners, and the
remaining 25% by the Tamil Nadu government its (Water and Sanitation/Rural
Development department).
c)General
financial supervision will be in line with section 2.14 of this project, on
terms agreed with the lenders of the seed capital, but with the elimination of
unnecessary bureaucratic restraints.
d)Seed
capital repaid by users in monthly instalments will be retained in the local
area until the end of the loan term. During that time, the repayments will be
used to grant revolving interest-free micro-credits for local development.
e)Seed
capital not required for short term use, will similarly be used to grant
interest-free revolving micro-credits.
f)Local
currency (LETS) systems set up within the framework of the project will form
the general method of payment for most local goods and services produced at
community level, including those provided for the project from within the local
community.
g)The
part of the maintenance money destined for long term replacement of capital
items will also be recycled as interest-free micro-credits until it is needed.
h)Users
will be 100% responsible for on-going administration, capital repayments, and
maintenance costs. Each household will pay a monthly contribution of Euro
0.60 per family member (Euro 3 per family of 5) to cover all on-going
maintenance and capital repayment costs. The instalments will be to a large
extent covered by savings on funds traditionally spent on fuel, water and waste
removal and by way of registration for Carbon Emission Reduction certificates
under the
i)The
project encourages open competition and free enterprise within the framework of
a cooperative and non-profit-making global financial structure.
j)Administration,
construction and maintenance work will be done by local operators and villagers
who will be paid mostly in local LETS currencies.
k)Local
work will be paid for at current local pay rates expressed in the local LETS
currencies.
l)The
on-going administration costs of the Project Coordinator are specified in the
project budget.
m)Users
must make their first monthly contribution in advance, as project structures
are put into use.
n)The
tank Sangams will be paid a small monthly allowance in formal currency, and
receive an allowance in local LETS money for their work. The well Sangams will
be paid a monthly allowance under the local LETS currencies for their work.
o)Individual
women or women's groups will, without payment, each look after their own
sanitation units.
p)Regular
inspection of installations will be paid as necessary in the local LETS
currencies.
q)The
operation of the local bank (The Sanarpatty Cooperative Development Bank) to be
set up may be supported and supervised by a international Green Bank to be
named.
r)The
Tamil Nadu Government, the Dindigul District Council, the Sanarpatty Block
Council, and the six Panchayat Councils in the project area have undertaken not
to intervene to impede the development of the local LETS currencies either
during or after the project period.
s)The
Project Coordinator will reach a specific agreement with the ( applicable tax
authorities) before the start of the project as to taxation of activities under
the Local Exchange Trading (LETS) systems.
t)Before
the project starts, a formal agreement will be made to ensure ownership of the
project is vested in the beneficiary communities, subject to formal handing
over when the final instalment of the interest-free seed loan is repaid.
u)The
local people design, execute, install, run, maintain, own and pay for all
project structures.
v)All
products and services supplied by the local people for the project will be paid
under the local money systems. Those supplying products or goods for the
project before the local money systems are set up will be paid from the project
funds in formal currency.
2.4.1 The basic principles behind
the project are:
a)The
enhancement of self-sufficiency in local economies.
b)Existing
social traditions will not suffer.
c)Local
expertise, labour and materials will be used.
d)Women
will play an active role in the project.
e)The
people of the Sanarpatty area must be able and willing to take full
responsibility for all goods and services provided under the project and for
its administration.
f)The
users must contribute financially to loan repayments, cover on-going costs and
accept the powers of the elected tank- and well Sangams.
g)The
project will be self-funding. Savings on traditional fuel costs for cooking and
services will cover most of the project costs.
h)The
supply of traditional natural fertiliser for agricultural purposes will not be
compromised.
i)Each
individual user will be enabled to meet his financial commitments to the
project.
Household
difficulties in meeting monthly quotas can be cushioned either from the monthly
allowances received by the tank Sangams, or by creating a simple LETS system
safety net. Members temporarily in difficulty could be allowed to run up a
larger than usual debit balance. Members permanently in difficulty could
perform services within the LETS group in exchange for group payment of their
outstanding debts.
j)'Small
is beautiful'. Small decentralized systems are to be preferred wherever
possible. This promotes close contact of the people of the Sanarpatty Division
with the installation and running of their own local infrastructure.
k)
Local LETS currencies will complement the use of formal money. They will make
up for the lack of formal money that would otherwise be needed to expand the
quantity of local goods and services. Economic development within the LETS
systems will also stimulate growth in the formal economy and increase its
formal tax base.
l)The
seed loan capital will be systematically recycled to users as interest-free
micro-credits for productivity development. The micro-credits will allow goods
and services that cannot be locally produced to be bought with formal currency
outside the project area.
m)Leakage
of formal currency out of the project area will be reduced. Seed capital will
be retained in the local area during the 10 year interest-free loan period.
This project has been worked
out with the users, who execute, run, maintain, pay for and own all the
structures. Five basic conditions have been accepted by the users. Without
them, this integrated self-financing development project could not be executed.
They
are:
2.1
Acceptation of Health Clubs. These do not only serve the purposes of offering
basic hygiene education courses. They also serve as a platform for women, so
that they can organise themselves and participate and play an important role in
the various structures foreseen. The health clubs therefore constitute a means
of addressing the so-called "gender problem".
2.2
Willingness to pay at least the equivalent in Indian rupees of Euro 0.60 per
month (the equivalent in Indian rupees of Euro 3 per family of 5) into a
Cooperative Development Fund. This payment covers the entire package of basic
services foreseen including hygiene education, drinking water supply,
sanitation, waste removal, high efficiency stoves and fuel for them, and
lighting for study purposes. This contribution is obligatory for every
family in the project area.
2.3
Acceptance of the use of local exchange trading (LETS) systems, which enable
goods and services originating in the project area to be exchanged without the
need for formal money.
2.4
Acceptance of the GYPSUM COMPOSITES process which enables most of the items
required for local development to be made locally with 100% local value added
within the framework of the local LETS systems in local low cost labour
intensive production units.
2.5
Acceptance of dry composting toilet systems with the separation of urine and
faeces. Aspects relating to the form, the colour, the finish, privacy and
similar will all be discussed with and decided by the users. The dry toilet
systems foreseen enable waste to be recycled at household level so that
problems connected with the pollution of surface and ground water can be
addressed at local level without the need for major investments.
DRAWING
OF STRUCTURES
The NGO District Bhoodhan Gramadhan Development
Sangh, Kambilliampatty, Tamil Nadu State, India
AUDITING STRUCTURES
CASH FLOW DIAGRAM
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED
TANK SANGAMS - THE KEY STRUCTURES
WELL SANGAMS
The
responsibilities of the various parties which would presumably be involved in
the project are:
2.6.01
THE LOCAL NGO District Boodhan Gramadhan Development Sangh, Kambilliampatty,
The
NGO DBGDS officially fronts for the project. Its constitution and statutes are
attached to this project as Schedule 11. The
members of the board of the NGO DBGDS are fully representative of the people in
the Project area, including the Dalits, and enjoy the full confidence and
support of the people. Their functions are honorary.
Financing
parties may nominate their representatives (eventually paid by the financing
parties themselves) to the board of the NGO, with the task of acting as
auditors and for the purpose of monitoring progress.
The
NGO approves the project and presents it for financing within the framework of
a country programme supported by a donor government.
The
NGO nominates the project coordinator and puts the project funds at the free
and unconditional disposal of the Project Coordinator in a bank account in the
name of the Project.
The
NGO does not interfere in the execution of the project, except to carry out its
auditing and monitoring duties. It is the counterpart of the project
coordinator.
2.6.02
THE PROJECT COORDINATOR (Mr M Kaliyammal)
Mrs
Kaliyammal is responsible, together with Terry Manning, for the project
preparation, for contacts with local authorities and banks and with the users,
for the actual implementation of the project. She is also responsible for all
professional work or operations that cannot, at the time of the project, be
provided from within the local communities. She is also in charge of the
maintenance of the project, for collecting the monthly contributions of the
users (through the tank Sangams) and for general supervision of payments out of
the project accounts. For technical aspects, Mrs Kaliyammal will be assisted by
Mr V. Jothi who will answwer to Mrs Kaliyammal and also coordinate the
establishment of the local Gypsum composites
production units and the network of recycling centres. The fees of the
coordinator and her assistant are in the public domain and formalised in the
Project budget.
Curriculum Messrs Maliyammal and Jothi
2.6.03
TERRY MANNING
Terry
Manning is responsible for formulating the project, initial coordination with
the NGO Zimbabwe A.H.E.A.D., initial contacts for setting up the Organizational
Workshops, for the organisation (through the Workshops) of the local money LETS
systems, setting up a Micro Credit system, coordinating ith EOS Consult in
setting up local Gypsum composites production units, delivering (locally made)
pumps, PV-panels and related materials needed to implement the project. He will
act as consultant to the Project Coordinator (through the Workshops) for the
training and supervision of water supply, water quality and hygiene control and
maintenance personnel identified during the Workshops.
2.6.04
ORGANISATIONAL WORKSHOPS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ORGANIZATION WORKSHOPS
All
activities will be executed by the local people themselves. Organizational
workshops (mass capacitation workshops or OW's) following the method of the
Brazilian Clodomir Santos de Morais will be held for the various sectors of
activity involved. During the workshops the users will organise themselves
respecting the principles of the division of labour.
See
Schedule 2 for information on Organizational Workshops.
Amongst
the activities for which Organizational Workshops would be held are:
Setting
up Health Clubs
Setting up Tanks and Well Sangams
Setting up the local money (LETS) systems
Setting up Gypsum composites production units
Setting up structures for the water supply systems
Setting up structures for the sanitation systems
Setting up structures for the growing of bio-mass to fuel high efficiency
stoves
Setting up the local bank and/or the Cooperative Development Fund
Setting up the waste recycling system
Setting up structures for rainwater harvesting
Setting up the local radio station
Setting up export-import cooperatives
Setting up a net-work of local agrarian consultants
The
costs of the Workshops are set out separately in the balance sheet.
The
Organizational workshops will typically directly involve about 5.000 users
representing some 15% of the adult population.
2.6.05
COUNTRY PRORAMME ADMINISTRATOR
The
administrators of the country programme who agree to supply external funds
will, on acceptance, make available its 75% share of the interest-free loan
necessary for the project and nominate structures and channels for supervising
the project expenditure and liaising with other parties.
2.6.06
THE STATE OF
The
local funding Authority will be an enabling body only. It will guarantee the
continuity of the local currency (LETS) systems. Before the project begins, it
will guarantee transfer of ownership of the project to the local communities
when the seed loan is repaid. It will ensure, by agreement with the Government
of India and the State Government, that goods imported for the project come
into India Duty Free. It will authorise without creating unjustified obstacles
the siting of boreholes, wells, feed-pipes, tanks and others structures
necessary to the execution of the project.
It
may take full political credit for the project, but will agree not to otherwise
intervene in its organisation, implementation or day to day running.
2.6.07
LOCALLY ELECTED MP(name him)
The
local MP has agreed to do everything in his power to guarantee respect by the
national, regional and local administrative authorities the continuity of the
local currency (LETS) systems, the importation of goods destined for the
project without the application of customs duties taxes or other formal levies,
and the transfer of the project structures to the users.
He
will act as liaison points between the Project Coordinators on the one hand and
the local funding authority and the local political institutions on the other.
He may take full political credit for the project, but will agree not to
otherwise intervene in its organisation, implementation or day to day running.
2.6.08
THE DINDIGUL DISTRICT COUNCIL
The
Dindigul district council will formally approve the project. It will act as an
enabling body. It may take full political credit for the project
implementation, but will not otherwise intervene in the organisation,
implementation or day to day running of the project. It will guarantee and
respect decisions of the vested authorities in relation to ownership of the
project goods and services, and fully support the local currency (LETS) systems
and the duty-free entry into the project area of goods to be used in the
project.
The
council will approve reasonable project proposals for laying and embedding
water pipelines to dedicated water tanks, drilling bore holes, digging wells,
locating and building sanitation facilities, siting of Gypsum composites manufacturing units, siting of, and
collection of rubbish by, recycling centres.
2.6.09
THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF TAMIL NADU
The
Ministry of Health is directly responsible for health services in the project
area. It will respect the administrative decisions taken by the Dindigul
district council relating to the Project and will approve of the use of its own
Health Workers within the framework of the Community Health Clubs' hygiene
education programme to be set up by Zimbabwe A.H.E.A.D. Full advantage will be
taken from existing initiatives.
The
health authorities and the water and sanitation committees operating under the
District Water and Sanitation Programmes (WASP) will approve that their workers
be paid in the local LETS currencies for any work not already covered under
their existing salaries.
They
will approve that ownership of drinking water facilities, sanitation services
where supplied, PV lighting, PV refrigeration, and water testing equipment
placed in clinics within the project area be vested in the tank Sangams in
whose areas the clinics are situated.
They
will support formal hygiene education courses in schools, where required, in
the project area.
They
will reach an agreement with the project coordinator to ensure training of
(women) users at on-going checks of water quality, and systematic inspections
of the sanitation facilities built within the framework of the project. Testing
and inspection work not already included within the Health Workers' salaries
will be paid for in the local LETS currencies. The equipment for conducting
such systematic water quality tests will be made available under the project to
a local clinic or hospital and financed by testing work carried out by the
clinic for third parties outside of the project area.
PV
lighting, sanitation where needed and refrigeration for medicines for the
clinics in the project area which are not on the grid will be paid for by the
communities as they do for drinking water facilities dedicated to the clinics
and schools in the project area. Ownership would in this case be vested in the
tank Sangam in whose territory the clinic is located. PV lighting and
refrigeration installations in clinics outside the project area serving users
inside the project area need to be separately discussed. The disposal, where
required, of specialised waste from clinics will be addressed separately.
The
health authorities will help train people to make regular hygiene inspections
of the local recycling centres.
2.6.10
THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF TAMIL NADU
The
education authorities will approve that ownership of drinking water and
sanitation facilities and PV lighting placed in schools within the project area
be vested in the tank Sangams where the schools are located. They will also approve
that the teachers' Sangams nominated to operate water and sanitation services
and PV lighting report to the local tank Sangams.
They
will support hygiene education courses in the schools in the project area and
approve the reasonable course curriculum presented by the Project Coordinators
and apply it during normal school hours.
2.6.11
THE LOCAL TAX AUTHORITIES
The
Project Coordinators will reach a binding agreement with the tax authorities,
before the Project gets under way, to ensure that the tax authorities are not
deprived of current tax revenue.
The
project is based on a tax moratorium of at least 20 years on all LETS
activities.
The
tax authorities will define LETS activities carried out in LETS currencies
under the project as non-commercial, and therefore non-taxable.
2.6.12
THE SANARPATTY COOPERATIVE LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BANK
After
its institution, the Sanarpatty Cooperative local development bank will
administer project funds actually deposited in the Sanarpatty Block,
The
bank may autonomously finance and administer interest-free micro-loans for the
installation of solar home and other sustainable systems for individual
non-productive household use.
2.6.13
THE EXTERNAL BANK (international partner of Central Bank of
The external
funding authority will pass its financial contribution through an appropriate
financial institution, where possible a Green Bank, partner of the Cental Bank
of India, willing to act as adviser to the Sanarpatty Local Cooperative
Development bank. The external Bank will, on the instruction of the project
coordinators, deposit project monies in
2.6.14
THE LOCAL GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTION UNITS
These
units will make, with a sanitary finish where necessary, ecological items such
as water tanks, water containers, well-linings, san-plats in low cost labour
intensive production units with up to 100% local value added. They will also
make the high efficiency stoves and solar cookers. The Project will finance
them on an interest-free basis with a pay-back period of 3-5 years. They will
operate autonomously and negotiate payment of any royalties directly with the
Technology Owner. They will usually sell their products within the project
areas in the local LETS currencies, and outside the Project areas in formal
currency. Precedence will be given to making items of top priority to the
Project. Ownership of the production units will pass to the factory owners when
the loans have been repaid. Until then the factory owners will be responsible
to the Project Coordinator.
2.6.15
TANK SANGAMS
TANK SANGAMS - THE KEY STRUCTURES.
Every
water tank supplies an area or group of households with water. A tank sangam,
elected by the users, will supervise the use of the tank and its associated
works, the collection of the monthly contributions and the carrying out of
minor operations such as keeping tank areas clean. Each tank sangam will be
paid a small monthly fee in formal currency, equivalent to perhaps Euro 5 per
month, which it is free to spend as it wishes. Since women enjoy the greatest
benefits from the execution and on-going management of the project, they should
provide most of the tank sangam members. In Dalit areas, sangams will be made
up from Dalits. In mixed caste areas, tank sangams may be Dalit, other castes,
or mixed.
Ownership
of a given tank and its associated works, of the dedicated solar pump, PV array
and array support, and of the dedicated pipeline from the pump to the tank is
vested in its respective tank sangam. Passage of ownership of existing
structures such as existing water supply systems to the tank sangams will be
decided by the people themselves together where appropriate with the formal
owners of the structures.
The
tank sangams will nominate one of their members to liaise with the system
maintenance structures set up.
The
tank sangams would also be responsible for study rooms and PV lighting and for
coordination of recycling in their area.
The
tanks sangams will be set up using the Moraisian organisational workshop
method. Their form may vary from one area of the project to another.
They
will nominate a literate person to liaise with the local LETS system
coordinator.
The
drinking water installations and sanitation services dedicated to schools and
clinics will be supervised by commissions of respectively teachers and medical
staff who will report to the tank sangams where the schools and clinics are
located. Ownership of these installations will be vested in the local tank
sangams with the consent of the local Education and Health authorities. The
costs of loan repayment and maintenance of these installations are built into
the users' monthly payments.
PV
lighting, PV refrigeration, and water testing equipment supplied to clinics in
the project area will likewise be run by the medical commission supervising the
water supply. Ownership of these structures will be vested, with the consent of
the Health Authorities, in the tank sangams where the clinics located. The
medical commission will report to the local tank sangam.
The
problem of specialist waste removal from clinics, where needed, will need to be
studied separately.
The
tank sangams will also convene regular meetings to discuss activities under their
local LETS system and priorities for micro-credits.
The
tank sangams will elect the well sangams.
The
tank sangams will nominate a female candidate from their own area to carry out
cooperative inspection of the sanitation, rainwater harvesting, and cooking
facilities installed, and arrange for her training.
2.6.16
WELL SANGAMS
Every
well/bore hole area comprises:
- The well or bore hole itself
- The backup hand pump installation
- The washing area
- The enclosure for PV systems and supports
- A guard system for the PV installations
Passage
of ownership of existing structures such as water supply facilities to the well
sangams will be decided by the people themselves together where appropriate
with the formal owners of the structures.
The
well sangam, elected by the tank sangams, supervises the use of the structures
common to the water supply system, and carries out minor maintenance operations
such as cleaning washing areas, well areas, and backup hand pump systems. The
well sangam also regulates use of the well area in case of crisis or calamity.
It collectively receives a small monthly payment in the local LETS currency
(e.g. the equivalent of Euro 5 per month) which it is free to spend as it
wishes. Members can be awarded a salary paid out under the local money LETS
system. Since women enjoy the greatest benefits from the execution and on-going
management of the project, they should provide most of the well sangam members.
The
well sangams will answer to several tank sangams. The representatives of Dalit
tank sangams will be Dalit. The representatives of tank sangams serving other
castes will have a representative from a caste different from Dalits. The
representatives of mixed tank sangams may be iether Dalit or come from another
caste. The well sangams will therefore usually be mixed so its members must be
able and willing to work with each other.
The
well sangam will nominate one of its members to liaise with the system
maintenance structures set up and with those responsible at tank sangam level
for maintenance.
The
well sangams will nominate a female candidate from their own area to monitor
the cooperative inspection of the sanitation, rainwater harvesting, and cooking
facilities carried out at tank sangam level, and arrange for her training.
2.6.17
This
NGO from
The
Community Health Clubs will be set up, and local health workers trained to lead
the hygiene education courses during a Moraisian organizational workshop.
A
hygiene education course for use in the schools in the project area will be
developed the same way, and health workers and teachers trained to apply it.
2.6.18
EOS CONSULT
This
Dutch company is the registered owner of the Gypsum composites process.
NOTES ON GYPSUM COMPOSITES: General description of the
Gypsum composites technology
PREPARATION OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTS. More
information and an example of a more advanced application.
It
will act as consultant during the Organization Workshop during which the local
Gypsum composites production units in
the project area will be set up, and independently negotiate any conditions for
technology transfer.
2.6.19
MEDICAL COMMISSIONS
Medical
Commissions will supervise installations eventually supplied to clinics under
the project. They will report to the tank sangam where the clinic is situated.
This may be a Dalit tank sangam. They will where required arrange with the
Project Coordinators collection of special medical waste products.
2.6.20
TEACHERS COMMISSIONS
Teachers
commissions will supervise installations supplied to schools under the project.
They
will support and apply the approved hygiene education courses in the schools.
They
will report to the tank sangams where the school is located. The tank sangams
may be Dalit sangams.
2.6.21
THE INDEPENDENT AUDITOR
Financing
parties may nominate an independent auditor to co-sign payment authorisations
made by the project. The independent auditor answers to the project NGO.
District Bhoodhan Gramadhan Development Sangh. See par. 6.14 for more
information.
As project structures are
completed, ownership in them will formally pass to the people of the Sanarpatty
block (through the tank sangams). Until all debts have been repaid, the project
coordinator will retain the right to recover any installation supplied under
the project should the people not meet their financial obligations for them.
The interest free loans will be repaid over a period of 10 years. Until
repayment has been completed, the project coordinators will retain formal
responsibility towards the funding authorities for maintenance and
administration.
Before
the project starts, the project coordinators will offer to provide on-going
maintenance, training of maintenance operators, and administration for an
agreed fee for at least ten years. Pumps and structures have a life-span of
more than 20 years. Once the seed capital has been fully repaid at the end of
ten years, on-going monthly contributions will create a large surplus for
future renewals and extensions of the project facilities. Until it is needed,
this money can be re-invested interest free in micro-credit loans for local
development.
Ownership
of drinking water installations, PV lighting and refrigeration and water
testing equipment installations in schools and clinics will be vested in the
tank sangams where the schools and clinics are located. These may be Dalit
sangams.
Ownership
of PV lighting sanitation services and refrigeration installations in clinics
outside the project area serving users inside the project area needs to be
separately discussed.
Passage
of ownership of certain existing collective structures, such as water supply
structures, to the local tank and well sangams can be negotiated. It must be
understood that many of the tank and well sangams may be Dalit. On passage of
the existing structures, the tank and well sangams take over formal
responsibility for the ongoing maintenance of the structures.
The project involves complex
on-going interaction amongst several parties. For the project to be finished on
time, each party must agree to meet his obligations within the prescribed time.
A penalty system may be used in case of late delivery of goods and services. If
any party feels unable to meet the proposed time line he must say so when the
project details are finalised at the start of phase two. The time line can then
be adjusted to suit his needs before work begins.
Financial
and political participants should each issue a written warranty that money,
permits, and guarantees they have agreed to provide will be forthcoming on
schedule.
As
the project is cooperative in nature, the participating parties, and in
particular those financing the project, are free to impose appropriate
reporting and verification procedures which should be simple and direct to
eliminate "red tape".
For a drawing of the proposed
LETS structures refer to:
DRAWING OF PROPOSED LETS
STRUCTURES.
This
project is designed to create rapid, sustainable and durable local development.
The
project coordinator will reach a binding agreement with the (tax authorities
--- name them!!), before the project gets under way, to ensure that the tax
authorities are not deprived of current tax revenue.
The
tax authorities will define LETS activities carried out in LETS currencies
under the project as non-commercial, and therefore non-taxable.
The
project is based on a tax moratorium of at least 20 years on all LETS
activities.
After
the moratorium, the following basic rules will apply:
-1. LETS exchanges where a user helps a friend, or performs a job on a
"one-off" basis are not taxable.
-2. LETS exchanges involving activities not part of the normal business
activities of the supplier are excluded.
-3. The expression "normal business activities" will be interpreted
in the manner most favourable to the users.
-4. Normal LETS exchanges by businesses are taxable.
-5. All costs and business expenses are tax deductible.
-6. Businesses will be taxed in respect of LETS exchanges on the net profits
they generate from them.
This project sets up a user
friendly interest-free financial environment based on the constructive
recycling of a ten year interest-free loan and the creation of local exchange
trading systems.
Users
repay the interest-free loan after ten years. At that point of time they will
have been repaying the loan at the rate of the equivalent in Indian rupees of
approximately Euro 0.60 per family member (or the equivalent in Indian rupees
of Euro 3 per family of 5 per month) for 120 months. Their repayments are,
however, made in rupees. Should the rupee through inflation or exchange
measures have devalued against the Euro, the amount in rupees collected by the
users will not be sufficient to pay the original loan back . This situation is
beyond the control of the parties to the project, and in particular of the
users.
A
decision on how this risk is to be covered will therefore need to be made when
the project is being financed.
Is
the interest-free seed loan to be expressed in the local rupees or in Euros?
LOAN
EXPRESSED IN RUPEES
If
the loan is expressed in rupees, then the external bank (working together with
the Central Bank of
The
following are four possibilities:
1)
The lenders or their governments formally accept they are willing to run this
risk and write off the eventual difference as a gift.
2)
The lenders agree to extend repayment time until the total amount collected in
the fund is sufficient to repay the whole loan expressed in Euros. This can
lead to a "win-win" situation in that the amount available for
recycled micro-loans would remain at a high level. In return for the extra
monthly payments, users have more money to recycle in micro-loans than would
otherwise have been the case.
3)
The lenders require payment of the available funds on expiry, and that the
difference be collected using the next following monthly payments, until such
time as the original amount expressed in Euros is balanced. This solution is
negative for users in that for a shorter or a longer period (depending on the
inflation which has taken place) users will not be able to benefit from
re-cycled micro-loans and on-going local development will slow down and could,
in some cases, even stop.
4)
The lenders require repayment of the available funds on expiry but reinvest any
difference for a further cycle of ten years. This will reduce users' funds for
renewing capital goods or extending services at the end of the second period of
ten years, but will not negatively affect recycling of micro-loans for on-going
local development under the project.
LOAN
EXPRESSED IN EUROS
If
the loan is to be expressed in Euros, will users' monthly repayments be indexed
to the Euro? If so, how will the monthly rate expressing the amount payable in
Euro be determined, and by whom? How will the users be advised?
If
repayments are to be indexed to the Euro, the total amount collected by users
over the ten year period may, when converted into Euro, still be (considerably)
less than the total original amount in Euros. This is because the indexing of
the local payments to the Euro is progressive over ten years while the exchange
rate applicable on repayment of the loan after the ten years' loan period is the
one applicable at the moment of the repayment. The difference would normally be
less than where the loan is expressed in the local currency, but one of the
four options mentioned above would have to be applied to it.
Long term political stability
in
While
capital structures installed within the framework of the project may, if
rarely, be insurable against loss or damage by Act of God such as lightning,
hurricanes, or earthquakes, it is not possible to insure them against loss or
damage deriving from causes such as Act of Political and Military Authorities,
civil war, commotion, rebellion, and strikes. Even if insurance against such
risks were to be available the cost would be so high that it would constitute a
major on-going financial leakage from the project area, which is just one of
the major problems applications under the Model are designed to stop.
What
happens in case of loss of or damage to the capital structures installed under
the project Model before repayment after ten years of the interest-free seed
loan must therefore be clearly addressed at the time the project application is
being financed.
The
beneficiaries of the project are by definition poor and the loss or damage in
question derives from causes entirely beyond their control. To require these
poor people to repay a loan after ten years for capital structures they have
lost for reasons beyond their control is in profound contradiction with the
short term and long term goals of the project. In some cases the lending
organisations may have forms of insurance available to cover funds at risk in
projects in developing countries. In such cases they would ensure, at their own
cost and by way of gift, that funds for the project are insured by such Funds.
Where, however, such insurance is not available, the lending organisations
should accept that in the case of loss of or damage to project structures
deriving from causes beyond the power and control of the users the interest
free loan be converted into a gift so that users are freed from their
contractual obligations.
Normally,
at the time the (uninsured) loss of or damage to the capital structures occurs,
users will have paid a part of the loan into the Local Cooperative Development
Fund.
The
project must clearly whether the money which has already been collected in the
Cooperative Local Development Fund at the time the loss of or damage to the
capital structures occurs:
a) Must be used immediately to reinstate the capital goods lost or damaged
b) Has to be repaid to the lenders at the end of the original ten years'
interest free loan period.
c) Has to be repaid immediately
d) Will, subject to analysis of the current political situation, be integrated
by a further loan to enable complete reinstatement of the capital structures so
that the project application can make a re-start.
The three main lines of
information flow foreseen under the project are:
- Vertical, from project
coordinator (who would also liaise with external sources involved, such as
education authorities, schools, health authorities, clinics) to well sangam
level to tank sangam level to invidual user and return back up the line
- Horizontal, for instance within the LETS groups and between LETS groups,
between tank sangams, and between well sangams
- Combination of both - through a project level radio station
- Project website mainly as a source for b) and for information sharing in
general for (c) below
-Through local consultants
with small businesses set up under interest-free micro-loans under the project,
who help local people choose crops to grow, instruct on agricultural methods,
give professional advice on productivity questions etc
-Local translation bureaus set up under interest-free micro loans under the
projects to put material into a form the local people can understand
-Activity groups working under the LETS systems with any of the parties in a), such
as the Health Clubs foreseen, groups of actors etc
-Local schools, information and courses for children and, eventually, adults
- Incoming through information
shops set up as private businesses (as in b) " local consultants")
under the project. These would have telephones, faxes, computers.
- Outgoing, through cultural and economic websites ( recent experiments in
Within each of the above
specific sectors, rather complex interdisciplinary relationships can arise.
Just to cite one typical example, to make the integrated sanitation system
foreseen work, users need to be advised on the benefits of better hygiene
(Health Clubs) then practise what they have learned and install their new
toilet (and, eventually, water harvesting) systems. A system of cooperative
inspection then needs to be put in place. A home inspection report has to be
developed. Local women nominated by the tank sangams have to be trained to
apply the report system and to advise and help users where they are doing
something wrong. Women nominated by the well sangams have to be trained to
monitor the work of the local inspectors. A woman nominated by the (unified)
well sangams will have to check the work of the well sangam monitors.
Information and experiences would need to be exchanged both vertically and
horizontally under a).
The
same users will at the same time need separate instruction on how best to
recycle their urine, and later, their composted faeces. Basic recommendations
will be developed under the projects for this, although single users, the local
tank sangams, or the project coordinator could also obtain consultancy under
b). Where the project supplies recommendations, cooperative structures similar
to those described for hygiene would need to be developed to make sure they are
applied properly.
Purchases in formal money of
capital goods for production purposes will normally need to be imported into
The
first series of such purchases is usually made with the original loan funds.
Since the original loan funds are made available in Euros, and converted into
the local currency for the purposes of the project, their re-conversion where
necessary from the local currency into the international currency should not
pose a problem.
The
amount of capital goods needed for local productivity increase under recycled
micro-loans could, however, amount to several times (5 or 6 times or more) the
amount of the original interest-free loan expressed in foreign currency.
A
condition for the granting of an interest-free loan under the project is,
normally, that the beneficiary be able initially to sell some of the goods or
services in question outside the project area for formal money to enable him to
repay the loan. The beneficiary therefore exports the goods or services outside
the project area for rupees, but not necessarily outside the national borders.
Since capital goods may often need to be imported into
The
following schedule will produce a zero national import/export balance for the
project during its execution and a long-term ongoing credit balance:
First two (executive) years : zero franchise
Third year, at least 35% of imported value exported
Fourth year, at least 50% of imported value exported
Fifth year, at least 75% of imported value exported
Sixth year, at least 100% of imported value exported
Seventh year, at least 125% of imported value exported
Eight and following years, at least 150% of imported value exported
The
project is based on separation of powers between the controlling party (the NGO
DBGDS) and the project coordinator nominated by the NGO to execute the project.
Financing
parties have, if they wish, two structures enabling them to carry out on-going
audits of the project works.
1.
The project NGO fronts for the project and maintains on-going auditing powers
to ensure correct project execution. The statute of the project NGO allows the
financing parties to nominate executive auditors to the Board of Directors. The
nominated auditors may be paid salaries by the financing parties. For practical
purposes they should be resident in or near the project area. The NGO does not
intervene directly in the execution of the project, as this is the
responsibility of its nominee project coordinator.
2.
Financing parties may also nominate an independent auditor to act the with
project coordinator to co-sign payment authorisations and conduct an on-going
audit of project out-go. The independent auditor answers to the Board of the
NGO, which includes executive audit nominees of the financing parties. His or
her salary is paid by the financing parties. The independent auditor may not
intervene in the running of the project itself. For practical purposes the
independent auditor must be resident in the project area.
To
avoid conflict of interest, neither the project coordinator nor the independent
auditor may be a member of the NGO. They both report, independently of each
other, to the NGO.
Voluntary Community Health
Clubs are set up within the project area. The members of each Health Club,
which can include men, follow a course normally lasting at least six months.
During the course, hygiene-related topics are discussed under the leadership of
a specially trained Health Worker.
The
structures, rules and administrative aspects of the Health Clubs will be
established during one or more Organisational Workshops, during which the
Health workers will also receive due training.
For
some indicative information on the courses, refer to Schedule 7. This material
is subject to adaptation according to the preferences expressed by the Workshop
participants.
The
Health Clubs will continue to meet regularly after the course has finished.
Their role is fundamental to the project. They serve as a forum for identifying
community needs, assisting with project planning and implementation, and
developing the sense of unity and cooperation on which the success of the
project depends.
A
system will be set up to provide on-going inspection of the individual
sanitation and water supply systems by local Health workers.
Water
quality will be systematically monitored by a local clinic or hospital using
testing equipment supplied under the project.
Hygiene
education courses may, where required, be established in the schools in the
project area. They will be supported and approved by the local Health and
Education authorities. They will be applied during normal schools hours under
the supervision of the teachers' commissions.
Participation
at the workshops will be mixed-caste and include a majority of Dalits.
For a diagram of the proposed
waste disposal system see:
DRAWING SHOWING PROPOSED WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF COMPOSTING TOILET TANK MADE FROM GYPSUM
COMPOSITES
These
are based on the separation of urine, faeces, and grey water.
In
urban areas, urine, grey water and fertiliser can be used in vertical gardens
made from Gypsum composites blocks under
the LETS systems.
The
number of users for each toilet unit will be decided during phase 2 of the
project based on users' preferences and customs in accordance with the decisions
reached during the organisation workshops to be held. Units could be for an
individual or a group of related families. In public areas such as market
places collective sanitation facilities will be set up under the local money
systems as private enterprises, and operated along the general lines of the
Sulabh movement.
A
typical private unit will comprise a small toilet building containing three
Gypsum composites tanks. One tank will be used for urine. The other two tanks
will be used as aerobic composting toilets. Building support structures,
san-plats for urinals and toilet seats will also be supplied by the local
Gypsum composites production units. The toilet structures will be built by
local builders or cooperative groups and paid for using the LETS local
currencies. Use of improved evaporation systems could eliminate one of the
composting toilets. For health reasons we prefer the twin tank method.
Almost
the whole sanitation project can be done under local exchange trading (LETS)
systems, with nearly 100% local value added.
The
toilets will be supplied with appropriate washing and cleaning means for
personal hygiene.
A
small quantity of locally available lime, ash, sawdust or similar would be
added to the urine tank once or twice a day and to the faeces after use. The
contents of the urine tank can be emptied at any time. A mixture containing one
part urine and ten parts of water can be safely used for watering plants. This
high quality product has been known to more than double the productivity of a
household garde. An average family with 5 members can produce about 25m3 of
this fertiliser per year.
Users
not wishing to dispose of the urine themselves will hire local operators to do
it for them under the local LETS currency systems. The development using LETS
currencies of a collection system may be needed in poor urban areas where users
have no gardens or are unable to dispose of their urine as may be the case with
Dalit families. Vertical gardens will be introduced to give Dalit families a
chance to recycle their own wastes and produce part of their own food
requirements.
With
the double composting dry toilet system, one properly aerated toilet tank is
used until it is more or less full. It is then sealed and allowed to compost
for at least 9-12 months while the second toilet tank is being used. The
contents need to be moved from time to time. During that time, the compost in
the sealed tank reduces to about one wheelbarrow full of soil per adult person
per year. After 9-12 months composting, the soil can be safely and profitably
used as soil conditioner.
Users
not able to dispose of the soil conditioner will hire local operators to do so
under the local LETS currency systems.
Organic
material other than urine and faeces will be composted in simple compost boxes
built and supplied under the local LETS currency systems. Alternatively it can
ussed for animals and/or collected under the local LETS currency waste
recycling structures.
In
rural project areas, grey household water from the kitchen and from household
cleaning can be collected in an appropriate closed container and spread on the
family vegetable plot once a day, avoiding the formation of open or stagnant
pools and concentrations of water. It can also be used to dilute urine. Users
not able to dispose of their grey water will hire local operators to do so
under the local LETS currency systems.
In
urban areas, grey water may need to be regularly collected, possibly together
with urine, and taken to the countryside nearby where it can be recycled. This
work would be done under the local LETS currency systems.
Non-organic
solid waste products will be recycled in recycling centres operating under the
local currency (LETS) systems, creating more local added value. In larger
communities the centres may be specialised to some extent. Collection charges
will depend on the kind of material being recycled. Environmentally harmful
materials will be charged for at a higher rate than other materials. Special
waste from clinics will be addressed separately.
Appropriate
sanitation services where needed for schools and clinics in the project area
will be included in the project.
Participation
at the workshops will be mixed-caste and include a majority of Dalits.
Useful
references for further information on dry sanitation are:
a)Winblad Uno et al, "Ecological Sanitation", SIDA (Swedish
International Development Cooperation Agency),
b)
c)Sawyer Ron (editor), "Closing the Loop - Ecological sanitation for food
security",
The project requires the
supply of many water tanks, water containers, well-linings, san-plats, toilet
seats, and support structures. Many of these are traditionally made from
concrete, using materials that have to be paid for in formal currency and are
usually not available locally. Concrete and cement are environmentally
unfriendly and are difficult to dispose of after use. Concrete water tanks can
cost up to Euro 4000 per tank. Concrete products are also subject to production
faults and cannot always be repaired when damage damaged. They are heavy and
difficult to transport.
A
practical alternative to concrete, is to use a new-age product like Gypsum
composites. Gypsum composites production units can be established wherever
there are local deposits of cheap gypsum (CaSO4 + water) or anhydrite (CaSO4 +
1/2 water) which are very common, occurring naturally in most parts of the
world. They can be used to make cheap, ecological, hygienic tanks,
well-linings, toilets and other products. Gypsum composites is a
state-of-the-art technology originating in the
Gypsum
composites production units are permanent industrial assets. They will be used
to make various load-bearing structures and other building materials. Gypsum
composites can even be used to
weather-proof the mud walls of locally built houses and as a substitute for
construction timber, reducing de-forestation. They can be used to make roofing
and flooring tiles and seal thatched traditional roofs.
Gypsum
composites will also be used to make
high efficiency stoves. The stoves can stand temperatures of up to 500 degrees
C. They will recycle heat from smoke circulated around the pot. The stoves can
be safely carried by hand with boiling water in the pot and fire in the stove.
Although they will work with any sort of fuel, mini-briquettes made from
bio-mass will be produced locally under the project.
Gypsum
composites will also be used to make
solar cookers under the LETS systems in applications where daytime cooking is
not in contrast with local customs.
The
modest cost of Gypsum composites
production units will be funded within the project by interest-free
green loans repayable over a period of 4 years. The initial casting moulds for
Gypsum composites products can cost
several thousand Euros. These costs will restrict the initial range of products
any single production unit can make. The top priority will be to service the
needs of the project itslef. Additional copies of the initial moulds are,
however, very cheap to make.
The
entire system for the production of items in Gypsum composites from cheap
gypsum or anhydrite, the management of the deposits of raw materials, the
construction of the factories, the production and installation on the items
manufactured will be organised during a series of Moraisian workshops for which
a separate allowance has been made in the budget.
While
the workshops will work out the details, it is foreseeable that the Gypsum
composites production be highly labour intensive calling for minimum capital
outlay. The products can be made manually without the need for any machinery,
with a professional finish which can reach the quality of polished marble or
ceramics..
Refer
to Schedule 6 for more information on the Gypsum composites process:
NOTES ON GYPSUM
COMPOSITES
for a general description of the Gypsum
composites technology.
PREPARATION OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTS for some
information and an example of a more advanced application.
Participation
at the Gypsum composites factory unit workshops will be mixed-caste and is
expected to include a majority of Dalits.
For a diagram of the water
supply structures refer to:
DRAWING OF WATER SUPPLY STRUCTURES
Where the water table is not deep, hand-dug wells instead of drilled
boreholes will be prepared.
DRAWING OF STRUCTURES.
CASH FLOW DIAGRAM
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE
The purpose is to create a "maintenance culture".
Nearly all LETS transactions are open to normal "free market"
negotiation between the parties.
For more information on the nature and organisation of LETS systems,
refer to Schedule 8.
There will be just one LETS system set up, based in the village of
Kambilliampatti.
Enough money has been set aside in phase 4 of the project to cover 267 PV
lighting systems.
The following
drawings and graphs form an integral part of this project proposal.
GRAPH SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-LOANS.
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE.
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED.
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (Items
1-21 of the budget)
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (Items
22-58 of the budget)
TOTAL EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIRST QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SECOND QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE THIRD QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FOURTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIFTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SIXTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SEVENTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE EIGHTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE NINTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE TENTH QUARTER
GRAPH SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-LOANS.
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN
CYCLE.
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN
MONEY IS USED.
TYPICAL PROJECT
EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (Items 1-21 of the budget)
TYPICAL PROJECT
EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (Items 22-58 of the budget)
TOTAL
EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER
DETAILED
EXPENDITURE FIRST QUARTER
DETAILED
EXPENDITURE SECOND QUARTER
DETAILED
EXPENDITURE THIRD QUARTER
Refer
to Schedule 2 for some material and a bibliography on Organisational Workshops.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
ORGANIZATION WORKSHOPS.
A plan for the
effective payment of the project funds to the local NGO is prepared.
Duration of the workshop: about three weeks.
The Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:
e) A structure at local Tank Sangam level
- Payment of the local Health Club leader once the local money systems
have been formed
- Relationship between the local Health Club leader and the (future) Tank
Sangam
- Discussion with persons (women) interested in the (future) local Tank
Sangam
- Registration of Health Club members
- Practical organisation of the lessons and later group meetings
BASIC INDICATIVE COURSE FOR HEALTH CLUBS
4.2.1.2
Hygiene Education in the Schools
BASIC INDICATIVE COURSE FOR
SCHOOLS
Local schools in the project area
include basic hygiene education principles in their standard curriculum. It is
however important that systematic on-going hygiene education courses be made
available to the children in the project area.
Duration of the workshop: about three weeks.
The Workshop will be expected to produce the following
structures:
a) A system coordination structure for coordination:
e) Formalities
- Payment in local LETS currencies of the teachers involved.
Duration of the workshop: about four weeks.
The Workshop will be expected to produce the following
structures:
b) Organisation
- meetings
- use of tanks and well areas
4.2.3 THE LETS LOCAL MONEY SYSTEMS
For detailed information on LETS systems refer to:
A Moraisian workshop will be held in Kambiliampatti, to set
up the local money LETS system.
Participating parties:
The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
2 representatives of the ONG
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
100 persons, indicated by the well commissions, who will have indicated their
interest in registering transactions
800 persons (men and women) indicated by the Tank Sangams interested in taking
responsibility for the management of the LETS systems at tank Sangam level.
Duration of the workshop: about six
weeks.
The Workshop will be expected to produce
the following structures:
a) Definition of the social form of the
LETS structures
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects
- relationships with other non-formal local money systems
b) Structure for the registration of
transactions
- physical working space (offices)
- adaptation of environments against weather and dust
- safety and back-up procedures to protect information
- purchase of computers, printers, equipment for registration of members et
electrical connections eventually using PV
- distribution of physical structures: LETS boxes, notice boards
- preparation of cheques or other instruments of exchange to be used
- publication of the services available within the system
c) Coordination with users
- preparatory meetings with users at tank Sangam level
- presentation of the local coordinator
- registration of members
- distribution of cheques or other instruments of exchange
- starting transactions
d) A communications structure
- vertical, at project level (project coordinator, transaction registrars,
those responsible at tank Sangam level, users)
- horizontal, with the various persons responsible at the same level (amongst
transaction registrars, amongst tank Sangam level operators)
- horizontal, amongst local money systems
- commercial, radio, website
4.2.4 MICRO CREDIT SYSTEM STRUCTURES
CHART ILLUSTRATING MICRO-LOANS SCHEME
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE
The Sanarpatty Cooperative Local
Development Bank will manage formal currency funds necessary for running the
project, acting on instructions of the project coordinator given on receipt of
the indications received from those responsible at tank Sangam level. The funds
do not belong to the bank, which will intervene only in the practical
management and transfer of the funds. The decisions are taken by the users'
structures set up under the project. The funds formally belong to the users
until the expiry of the 10 years' interest-free credit term. The interests of
the financing parties are protected by their representatives nominated to the
board of the ONG, who will be invited to participate in the workshop.
The services of the bank will be paid in
local LETS monies at a fixed rate per transaction to be set during the
workshop. The bank can then use its LETS credits to purchase goods and services
inside the project area and sell them for formal money outside the project
area.
One Moraisian workshop will be held to
prepare the Bank structures.
Indicative participation:
The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
2 Representatives of the ONG acting on behalf of the financing parties
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
At least 6 qualified persons, 3 indicated by the ONG and 3 by the project
coordinator
350 persons, indicated by the tank Sangams, interested in participating with
responsibility for credit arrangements at tank Sangam level.
Duration of the workshop: about six
weeks.
The Workshop will be expected to produce
the following structures: 4.2.4.1 The cooperative local development bank:
a) Definition of the social form
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects
- relations with the LETS local money systems
b) Physical aspects
- land
- office
- safety
- communications
c) Financial aspects. Definition of
initiatives at each structural level. How much money is to be distributed at the
tank commission, at the well commission and at the general project levels?
- funding of initiatives at general
project level (recycling structures,important productivity initiatives, public
works)
- funding of initiatives at intermediate, well commission, level
- funding of initiatives at local tank Sangam level
- funding of socially based initiatives (clubs, interest groups etc)
- traditional banking activities
4.2.4.2 Organisation of operations:
a) Central structure.
b) De-centralised structure.
- Preparation operators
- Meetings at tank Sangam level.
c) Coordination
- With LETS structures
- With tank Sangams
- With project coordinator.
d) Financing of specific projects
- Relations with financiers.
e) Communications structure
-Vertical, at project level (project coordinator, transactions operators, tank
Sangam level operators, end users)
Commercial, radio, website.
For information on the Gypsum composites process refer to:
NOTES ON GYPSUM
COMPOSITES:General description of the Gypsum composites technology.
PREPARATION OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTS: More
information and an example of a more advanced application.
Three Moraisian organisational workshops
will be held, one for each production unit planned. Localities to be decided in
accordance with the local availability of gypsum or anhydrite or the need to
import it into the project area. Indicatively one might be located in the
Kambiliampatti panchyat union, one in the Chenkurchi panchayat union, and one
in Kottai panchyat union.
Indicative participation (all workshops
together):
The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant EOS Consult
At least one representative of the NGO
Representative of the Ministry of Health
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
150 persons (men and women), indicated during meetings held at Tank Sangam
level, interested in participating in the activities of the factories. Where
opportune, according to local political structures and traditions, up to 25% of
the people could be indicated by the local chiefs.
Duration of each workshop: about six
weeks.
The Workshops will be expected to produce
the following structures:
a) Definition of the social form of the
production units
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects
- relationship with the local LETS systems
b) A structure for the supply of materials
- geological research for gypsum and/or anhydrite deposits
- locations of gypsum/anhydrite quarries, permits
- activities preparatory to exploitation
- logistics
- coordination of materials depots with the factories.
c) Definition of the items to be made
(tanks, toilets, stoves, solar cookers etc)
- coordination with the other production units (specialisation)
- contacts with families
- definition of requirements : articles and specifications
- definition of requirements : design, productive capacity
- definition of the necessary procedures
- preparation of moulds
- tests
- decision on priorities to be given to the various items.
d) A structure for the factories
- land and necessary structures
- design of factories
- construction of factories
- purchase of necessary equipment.
e) A production structure
- organisation of the production
- commercial organisation.
f) A structure for the installation of
the items produced
- Relationship factory-installers
- Preparation of the installers
- Installation
- Siting of boreholes/wells
- After sales backup and service.
g) A structure for communications
- Vertical, at project level (project coordinator, factory manager, factory
Sangams, installers, end users)
- Horizontal, between production units
- With the local money LETS systems
- Commercial, radio, website.
A special fund is included in the budget
to cover the costs of setting up the recycling structures, which have priority.
The funds will be repaid by the beneficiaries in the same way as those made
available to the Gypsum composites factories. They will take the form of
interest-free credits repayable according to the real possibilities of those
involved as decided during the organisational workshops during which the
structures are set up. The repayments will be financed by sale of materials
such as fertilisers and compost outside the project area and by the
"exportation" of solid non-organic waste which are not recyclable
within the project area itself. For an illustration of a possible general
structure for the integrated recycling of waste in project areas refer to:
DRAWING OF WASTE
DISPOSAL STRUCTURES.
The work of the recycling structures
will be carried out within the local money LETS systems already set up. One of
the more interesting features of LETS systems is that, in contrast with what
happens in the western monetised economies, work considered as
"dirty" and/or "heavy" is usually better paid than
"clean" and/or "light" work as the rates charged will
normally be related to the perceived value of an hour's work in the foreseeable
normal working situation.
One Moraisian workshop will be held.
Indicative participation:
The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
At least one representative of the ONG
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
150 persons (male and female)indicated by the tank Sangams, interested in
participating.
Duration of the workshop: about six
weeks.
The Workshop will be expected to produce
the following structures:
a) Definition of the social form of the
structures
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects including relations with the Micro-credit institution
- relations with the local money LETS systems.
b) Analysis of requirements.
c) A structure for the recycling centres
- Definition of the land requirements
and the physical structures necessary
- formalities and permits
- design of the centres
- construction of the centres
- purchase of the necessary equipment.
d) A structure for the
collection/deposition of waste
- urine
- composted excreta
- waste water
- other organic waste
- non organic solids
- special industrial wastes
- medical wastes
- who will do what
- definition of individual zones
- definition of specialisations.
e) A commercial structures
- definition of the tariffs applicable
to the various types of material
- distribution of urine and composted excreta
- direct recycling of certain materials
- contacts for the exportation of materials not recyclable locally.
f) A monitoring structure
- sanitary conditions
- ecological conditions
- safety conditions.
g) A communications structure:
- vertical, at project level
(coordinator, centre managers, collection structures, end users)
- horizontal, between centres
- relations with local money LETS systems
- commercial, radio, website.
For a typical possible high efficiency stove design refer to:
DRAWING OF TYPICAL
HIGH EFFICIENCY GYPSUM COMPOSITES STOVE
The structures foreseen are for the
production of mini-briquettes for the stoves to be made by the Gypsum
composites production units and for the production of bio-masse to make the
mini-briquettes.
One Moraisian workshop will be held.
Indicative participation:
The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
Consultant EOS advises
At least one representative of the ONG
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
50 persons indicated by the tank Sangams interested in the production of
mini-briquettes
150 persons indicated by the tank Sangams, interested in producing bio-masse
for the mini-briquettes.
Duration of the workshop: about four weeks.
The Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:
c) Analysis of the bio-masse resources available
d) Definition of the recipes (mixtures) socially acceptable
e) Creation of the physical structures for briquette production
f) Logistics
- Assembly and stocking of materials
- distribution of mini-briquettes
g) Organisation of the cultivation of bio-mass
The management of the station will be completely autonomous.
(c) Information on cultural and sporting activities in the project area
(e) Promotion of the project towards the outside.
The setting up of the station is covered by a separate item in the
indicative balance sheet.
The workshop must decide how the station reimburse this interest-free
credit.
Duration of the workshop: about three weeks.
The Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:
d) Logistics
- Transport
- Storage of materials
- Organisation of network
For possible technical solutions for the drinking water
distribution system refer to:
DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES
DRAWING OF TYPICAL WATER TANK AREA.
One Moraisian workshop will be held.
Duration of the workshop: about four weeks.
The Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:
b) Analysis of requirements
(Refer to Schedule 1 for full details)
h) Installation of the structures
f) Logistics
- Assembly and stocking of materials
- distribution of mini-briquettes
g) Organisation of the cultivation of bio-mass
DETAILED
EXPENDITURE EIGHTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE NINTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE TENTH QUARTER
