NGO
Another Way (Stichting Bakens
Verzet), 1018 AM
01. E-course :
Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev)
Edition
01: 29 November, 2009.
Edition
03 : 26 November, 2011.
SECTION B :
SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS.
Study points : 06 points out of 18.
Minimum study
time : 186 hours out of 504
The points
are awarded only on passing the consolidated exam for Section B :
Solutions to the Problems.
Fifth block : How the third block structures solve specific
problems.
Study points : 02 points out of 18
Minimum study time : 54 hours out of 504
The
points are awarded only on passing the consolidated exam for Section B :
Solutions to the Problems.
Fifth block : How the third block structures solve specific
problems.
Section 5: Sustainability. [5
hours]
02.00 Hours analysis of Model material.
02.00 Hours in-depth analysis.
01.00 Report.
Section 5: Sustainability. [5
hours]
Analysis of Model material. (At least 2 hours)
The following analysis applies to national climate adaptation plans. Not
all items necessarily apply to individual integrated development areas, but
most do. Measures marked “Yes” are in principle included in integrated
development projects. Those marked “No” are not.
Key vulnerabilities and adaptation
solutions.
Annex III to the document Identification and implementation of medium- and long-term
adaptation activities in least-developed countries.
(Technical Paper FCCC/TP/2011/7 for Item 6(b)
of the Provisional Agenda for the Thirty-fifth Session,
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Subsidiary Body
for Implementation,
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Adaptation development goal/sector. |
Key vulnerabilities. |
National adaptation programme of action interventions (adaptation solutions). |
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Agriculture and food security: achieving
and safeguarding food security. |
Reduced crop yields. Declining fish
populations. Shorter growing seasons. Loss
of agricultural land (erosion during floods, and desertification as a result
of droughts). Floods
causing loss of soil fertility. Soil
salination due to saltwater intrusion. Uncertainty
about what and when to plant. Droughts
and unpredictable rainfall plus heat spells leading
to increased evapo-transpiration. |
Change of planting
dates. [Yes] Diversification of
crop production by breeding resilient crops (drought resilient
for drought-prone areas, and salt resistant for coastal zones). [Yes] Fodder production. [Yes] Reseeding of rangelands. [Yes] Water harvesting. [Yes] Construction and rehabilitation of
reservoirs/dams. [No.] Water-saving irrigation techniques.
[Yes – strictly local, small scale]. Land-use planning.
[Yes] Soil conservation. [Yes] Food preservation and
processing through the improvement of small- scale industries. [Yes – small-scale
local activities only.] Food/cereal banks. [Yes] |
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Water resources and water security. |
Drying up of rivers and springs. Increased water stress. Rising sea levels
compromising fresh water sources. Scarcity of potable water. Unsustainable use of groundwater
resources. |
Rainwater harvesting.
[Yes] Rehabilitation of
wetlands. [Yes] Integrated watershed
management with land-use and coastal area protection benefits. [Yes : with multiple projects in a watershed area.] Rehabilitation of
boreholes/Wells. [Yes] Resilient designs of reservoirs,
irrigation canals, ponds and dykes. [No, except for special situations.] Efficient water use.
[Yes] Eco-sanitation. [Yes] |
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Physical safety: protection of life
and property against climate extremes and disasters, including along
low-lying and coastal areas. |
Increased extreme and
new events (glacial lake outburst floods, droughts and floods). Traditional early warning systems
unable to simulate the new and frequent events. Landslides due to flooding. Inundation along
coasts. Coastal erosion. Degradation of marine ecosystems. |
Artificial lowering
of glacial lakes. [No.] Construction of
dykes, current breakers and shifting dune bars. [No] Radar reflectors and
life vests for fishermen. [Possible, not yet defined]. Hazard/risk maps and
related response maps, and escape routes. [Possible, not yet considered] Planning settlements
in low-risk areas. [Possible, not yet foreseen] Resettlement of
communities at risk. [In principle possible, not yet foreseen] Disaster management,
preparedness and awareness. [Yes] Rehabilitation of
existing and/or installation of new observing stations/equipment. [No, except for
observation points in forests.] Establishment of communication
systems for early warning. [No.] |
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Protecting livelihoods and
enhancing adaptive capacity. |
Absolute dependence on natural
resources and ecosystems. |
Safety nets (e.g.
social action funds). [Yes] Promotion of non-conventional
food resources. [Yes] Homestead food
production. [Yes] Mainstreaming of
gender-related considerations. [Yes] Vocational training
facilities and centres for communities. [Yes] |
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‘Climate proofing’
major components of national economies and sustainable
development (socio-economic growth engine). |
Climate change
exposes farmers to uncertain risks with heavy losses. Farmers do not have access to
credit. Increase in frequency and magnitude
of climate extremes. |
Community training programmes on climate change. [Yes] Including climate
change in the national curriculum. [No.] Developing and
introducing energy saving techniques. [Yes] Drought indices. [Yes] Insurance design.
[No.] Contingency funding
for surviving during disasters. [Yes : indirectly] |
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Supporting and enhancing human
health and safety. |
Alteration of spatial
and temporal transmission of disease vectors, including malaria, dengue fever, meningitis,
cholera and diarrhoea. Increased
tropical storms increasing risks to life. |
Distribution of
treated mosquito nets. [Yes] Production of
bio-pesticides. [No.] Rehabilitation and
establishment of health-care centres. [Yes] Securing potable
water. [Yes] Wastewater treatment
systems. [Yes] |
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Protecting and
enhancing ecosystem structure and functions for the sustainable
provision of ecosystem goods and services. |
Desertification. Deforestation. Degradation of
grasslands. Replacement of native
species and colonization by non-indigenous species. Sediment pollution
during floods. Loss
of biodiversity and ecosystem services due to erosion and watershed
regulations. Loss of biodiversity and ecosystem
services due to erosion and watershed regulations. |
Coastal afforestation. [Yes] Rehabilitation of
mangroves and plantation management. [Yes] Participative
protection of coastal sediment barriers. [Yes] Optimization of
freshwater and drainage management, including construction of diversion furrows
and terraces. [Yes] Soil and vegetation
management. [Yes] Integrated watershed
management. [Yes : with multiple projects in a
watershed area.] Reseeding of
rangelands. [Yes] Construction of
gabions to stop erosion and rehabilitate wetlands. [Possible, but not
currently foreseen.] Rehabilitation of
silted ponds and reconstitution of basin slopes. [Possible, but not currently
foreseen.] |
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‘Climate proofing’ renewable energy
sources and supplies. |
Energy insecurity
resulting from disruption of hydropower systems. Diminishing of
indigenous biomass resources. |
Wildfire prevention
and management. [Yes] Energy efficiency.
[Yes] Micro-hydropower
stations. [No] Diversification of
energy sources (solar, wind and biogas). [Yes] |
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Protecting and preserving
cultural values and cultural Systems. |
Cultural norms and
heritage (housing, clothing, medicine and other traditions) are closely
linked to the environment. A change of
environment puts pressure on and forces changes in the culture. |
Protection and
conservation of indigenous species. [Yes] Preservation of
cultural heritage sites and promotion of botanical Gardens. [Yes] |
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Protecting
and improving the design of critical infrastructure. |
Accelerated beach
erosion. Destruction
of infrastructure during extreme events (floods and storms). |
Redesigning and
rehabilitating infrastructure. [No, except local, small-scale infrastructure] Planning settlements
in low-risk areas. [No. Possible, where required] |
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The Permanent
Cooperative for the Management of Project Structures
The permanent cooperatives for
the on-going management of project structures were analysed in section 2 division of tasks of the
third block solutions to the
problems.
The statutes of the
Cooperatives for the on-going management of project structures contain
innovative operating concepts. The duration of the Cooperatives is «unlimited».
The management structures answer directly to the populations, who own both
properties and services..
1.
Opinion
Describe on one page the factors which
could lead to the winding up of a
management cooperative.
Review you work on the social structures.
2.
Opinion.
On one page, explain
the difference between the tank commissions formed under Integrated Development
projects on the one hand and women’s groups, savings groups, and other
voluntarily or legally formed committees already in operation in the project
area on the other. Which elements guarantee the permanent stability of the tank commissions ?
Review your work on the financial structures.
3.
Opinion.
On one page
discuss the hypothesis that «the
financial structures of integrated development projects are stable because
everyone profits from them and no-one can lose as a result of their
operation».
Review your work on the productive structures.
4.
Opinion.
On one page,
explain the productive structures are by their nature in principle less stable
than the social, financial, and service structures under the control of the
Permanent Cooperative for the on-going Management of Project Structures. Can
you see any risks of instability ? Which risks ? Why ?
Review your work on the service
structures.
5.
Opinion.
On one page describe the services one by
one and identify (where applicable) their potential for instability.
◄ Fifth block : Section 5: Sustainability.
◄ Fifth block : How fourth block structures solve specific problems.
◄ Main index for the Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip.Int.Dev)
"Money is not the key that opens the gates of the market but the bolt
that bars them."
Gesell, Silvio, The Natural Economic Order,
revised English edition, Peter Owen,
“Poverty is created scarcity”
Wahu Kaara,
point 8 of the Global Call to Action Against Poverty, 58th annual
NGO Conference, United Nations,
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